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What Is the Source of the Psilocybin Family?

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Mushrooms containing psychoactive indole alkaloids

Psilocybin mushrooms; commonly known as magic mushrooms, mushrooms or shrooms, are an polyphyletic breezy grouping of fungi that incorporate psilocybin which turns into psilocin upon ingestion.[1] [two] Biological genera containing psilocybin mushrooms include Copelandia, Gymnopilus, Inocybe, Panaeolus, Pholiotina, Pluteus, and Psilocybe. Psilocybin mushrooms have been and proceed to be used in indigenous New Globe cultures in religious, divinatory, or spiritual contexts.[3] Psilocybin mushrooms are also used as recreational drugs. They may be depicted in Stone Age rock art in Africa and Europe, but are almost famously represented in the Pre-Columbian sculptures and glyphs seen throughout North, Central and South America.

History [edit]

Early [edit]

Pre-Columbian mushroom stones

Prehistoric rock arts near Villar del Humo in Kingdom of spain, suggests that Psilocybe hispanica was used in religious rituals six,000 years agone.[4] The hallucinogenic[five] species of the Psilocybe genus have a history of use amongst the native peoples of Mesoamerica for religious communion, divination, and healing, from pre-Columbian times to the present mean solar day.[6] Mushroom stones and motifs have been found in Guatemala.[vii] A statuette dating from ca. 200 CE. depicting a mushroom strongly resembling Psilocybe mexicana was found in the west Mexican state of Colima in a shaft and sleeping room tomb. A Psilocybe species known to the Aztecs as teōnanācatl (literally "divine mushroom": agglutinative form of teōtl (god, sacred) and nanācatl (mushroom) in Nahuatl language) was reportedly served at the coronation of the Aztec ruler Moctezuma Ii in 1502. Aztecs and Mazatecs referred to psilocybin mushrooms as genius mushrooms, divinatory mushrooms, and wondrous mushrooms, when translated into English.[8] Bernardino de Sahagún reported the ritualistic use of teonanácatl by the Aztecs when he traveled to Central America subsequently the expedition of Hernán Cortés.[9]

After the Spanish conquest, Cosmic missionaries campaigned against the cultural tradition of the Aztecs, dismissing the Aztecs every bit idolaters, and the use of hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms, together with other pre-Christian traditions, was quickly suppressed.[7] The Spanish believed the mushroom immune the Aztecs and others to communicate with demons. Despite this history the use of teonanácatl has persisted in some remote areas.[3]

Modern [edit]

The showtime mention of hallucinogenic mushrooms in European medicinal literature was in the London Medical and Concrete Journal in 1799: a man served Psilocybe semilanceata mushrooms he had picked for breakfast in London's Green Park to his family. The apothecary who treated them later described how the youngest child "was attacked with fits of immoderate laughter, nor could the threats of his father or mother refrain him."[10]

In 1955, Valentina Pavlovna Wasson and R. Gordon Wasson became the first known European Americans to actively participate in an indigenous mushroom ceremony. The Wassons did much to publicize their experience, even publishing an article on their experiences in Life on May xiii, 1957.[11] In 1956, Roger Heim identified the psychoactive mushroom the Wassons brought dorsum from Mexico as Psilocybe,[12] and in 1958, Albert Hofmann outset identified psilocybin and psilocin as the agile compounds in these mushrooms.[13] [xiv]

Inspired by the Wassons' Life article, Timothy Leary traveled to Mexico to experience psilocybin mushrooms himself. When he returned to Harvard in 1960, he and Richard Alpert started the Harvard Psilocybin Project, promoting psychological and religious written report of psilocybin and other psychedelic drugs. Alpert and Leary sought out to behave research with psilocybin on prisoners in the 1960s, testing its effects on recidivism.[fifteen] This experiment reviewed the subjects half-dozen months later, and establish that the recidivism rate had decreased beyond their expectation, below xl%. This, and another experiment administering psilocybin to graduate divinity students, showed controversy. Shortly after Leary and Alpert were dismissed from their jobs by Harvard in 1963, they turned their attention toward promoting the psychedelic experience to the nascent hippie counterculture.[16]

The popularization of entheogens by the Wassons, Leary, Terence McKenna, Robert Anton Wilson and many others led to an explosion in the use of psilocybin mushrooms throughout the globe. By the early 1970s, many psilocybin mushroom species were described from temperate North America, Europe, and Asia and were widely collected. Books describing methods of cultivating large quantities of Psilocybe cubensis were also published. The availability of psilocybin mushrooms from wild and cultivated sources accept made them one of the nigh widely used of the psychedelic drugs.

Now, psilocybin mushroom use has been reported among some groups spanning from cardinal United mexican states to Oaxaca, including groups of Nahua, Mixtecs, Mixe, Mazatecs, Zapotecs, and others.[3] An important effigy of mushroom usage in United mexican states was María Sabina,[17] who used native mushrooms, such as Psilocybe mexicana in her do.

Occurrence [edit]

In a 2000 review on the worldwide distribution of psilocybin mushrooms, Gastón Guzmán and colleagues considered these distributed amid the following genera: Psilocybe (116 species), Gymnopilus (14), Panaeolus (xiii), Copelandia (12), Pluteus (6) Inocybe (half dozen), Pholiotina (4) and Galerina (1).[18] Guzmán increased his estimate of the number of psilocybin-containing Psilocybe to 144 species in a 2005 review.

Global distribution of 100+ psychoactive species of genus Psilocybe mushrooms.[xix]

Many of them are found in Mexico (53 species), with the remainder distributed throughout Canada and the U.s.a. (22), Europe (16), Asia (fifteen), Africa (4), and Australia and associated islands (19).[20] Generally, psilocybin-containing species are dark-spored, gilled mushrooms that grow in meadows and woods in the subtropics and tropics, commonly in soils rich in humus and constitute droppings.[21] Psilocybin mushrooms occur on all continents, but the majority of species are found in subtropical boiling forests.[eighteen] P. cubensis is the virtually common Psilocybe in tropical areas. P. semilanceata, considered the world'south virtually widely distributed psilocybin mushroom,[22] is found in temperate parts of Europe, North America, Asia, South America, Australia and New Zealand, although it is absent from Mexico.[20]

Composition [edit]

Magic mushroom composition varies from genus to genus and species to species.[23] Its chief component is psilocybin[24] which gets converted into psilocin to produce psychoactive effect. Besides, psilocin, norpsilocin, baeocystin, norbaeocystin and aeruginascin may also be nowadays which can change the effects of magic mushrooms.[23] Panaeolus subbalteatus, one of magic mushroom, had highest amount of psilocybin compared to the residuum of the fruiting body.[23] Certain mushrooms are found to produce beta carbolines which inhibits monoamine oxidase, an enzyme which breaks down tryptamine alkaloids.[25] They occur in dissimilar genera, like Psilocybe,[26] Cyclocybe [27] and Hygrophorus [28] Harmine, harmane, norharmane and a range of other l-tryptophan-derived β-carbolines were discovered in Psilocybe species.

Effects [edit]

The furnishings of psilocybin mushrooms come up from psilocybin and psilocin. When psilocybin is ingested, it is cleaved downwardly by the liver in a procedure chosen dephosphorylation. The resulting compound is called psilocin, which is responsible for the psychedelic furnishings.[29] Psilocybin and psilocin create brusk-term increases in tolerance of users, thus making it hard to misuse them because the more often they are taken within a short menses of fourth dimension, the weaker the resultant effects are.[30] Psilocybin mushrooms have non been known to cause concrete or psychological dependence (habit).[31] The psychedelic effects tend to appear around xx minutes afterwards ingestion and can terminal up to 6 hours. Physical effects including nausea, vomiting, euphoria, muscle weakness or relaxation, drowsiness, and lack of coordination may occur.

As with many psychedelic substances, the effects of psychedelic mushrooms are subjective and can vary considerably amongst individual users. The mind-altering effects of psilocybin-containing mushrooms typically last from three to viii hours depending on dosage, preparation method, and personal metabolism. The first 3–4 hours later ingestion are typically referred to equally the 'superlative'—in which the user experiences more vivid visuals and distortions in reality. The effects tin seem to last much longer to the user because of psilocybin's ability to change time perception.[32]

Despite risks, mushrooms do much less damage in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland than other recreational drugs.

Sensory [edit]

Sensory furnishings include visual and auditory hallucinations followed by emotional changes and contradistinct perception of time and infinite.[33] Noticeable changes to the auditory, visual, and tactile senses may become credible around thirty minutes to an hour after ingestion, although effects may take upward to 2 hours to take identify. These shifts in perception visually include enhancement and contrasting of colors, strange low-cal phenomena (such every bit auras or "halos" around light sources), increased visual acuity, surfaces that seem to ripple, shimmer, or breathe; complex open and closed heart visuals of form constants or images, objects that warp, morph, or change solid colours; a sense of melting into the environment, and trails backside moving objects. Sounds may seem to accept increased clarity—music, for example, can take on a profound sense of cadence and depth.[33] Some users experience synesthesia, wherein they perceive, for case, a visualization of color upon hearing a detail sound.[34]

Emotional [edit]

As with other psychedelics such as LSD, the experience, or 'trip', is strongly dependent upon set up and setting.[33] Hilarity, lack of concentration, and muscular relaxation (including dilated pupils) are all normal effects, sometimes in the same trip.[33] A negative environs could contribute to a bad trip, whereas a comfy and familiar environment would set the phase for a pleasant experience. Psychedelics make experiences more intense, so if a person enters a trip in an broken-hearted state of mind, they will likely experience heightened feet on their trip. Many users notice it preferable to ingest the mushrooms with friends or people who are familiar with 'tripping'.[35] The psychological consequences of psilocybin use include hallucinations and an inability to discern fantasy from reality. Panic reactions and psychosis also may occur, particularly if a user ingests a large dose. In addition to the risks associated with ingestion of psilocybin, individuals who seek to use psilocybin mushrooms also risk poisoning if one of the many varieties of poisonous mushrooms is dislocated with a psilocybin mushroom.[36]

Dosage [edit]

A bag of 1.v grams of dried psilocybe cubensis mushrooms.

Dosage of mushrooms containing psilocybin depends on the psilocybin and psilocin content of the mushroom which can vary significantly between and within the same species, only is typically around 0.5–two.0% of the dried weight of the mushroom. Usual doses of the common species Psilocybe cubensis range around 1.0 to 2.5 one thousand,[37] while almost 2.five to 5.0 chiliad[37] dried mushroom cloth is considered a strong dose. Above 5 g is often considered a heavy dose with 5.0 grams of dried mushroom oft being referred to every bit a "heroic dose".[38] [39]

The concentration of agile psilocybin mushroom compounds varies from species to species, only also from mushroom to mushroom inside a given species, subspecies or variety. The same holds true for different parts of the aforementioned mushroom. In the species Psilocybe samuiensis, the dried cap of the mushroom contains the most psilocybin at about 0.23%–0.90%. The mycelium contains about 0.24%–0.32%.[40] Drinking a mushroom tea is easier on the stomach than consuming the difficult to digest, raw mushroom material, such as chitin which makes up fungi's cell walls.[41]

Research [edit]

Due partly to restrictions of the Controlled Substances Act in the The states, research had been frozen until the early 21st century when psilocybin mushrooms were tested for their potential to treat drug dependence, anxiety and mood disorders.[42] In 2018–19, the Nutrient and Drug Administration (FDA) granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation for studies of psilocybin in depressive disorders.[43]

A study at Johns Hopkins University found that a dose of 20 to 30 mg psilocybin per 70 kg occasioning mystical-type experiences brought lasting positive changes to traits including altruism, gratitude, forgiveness and feeling shut to others when it was combined with meditation and an extensive spiritual practice support programme.[44] [45] At that place is scientific show for a context- and state-dependent causal outcome of psychedelic use on connectedness with nature.[46]

Legality [edit]

The legality of the cultivation, possession, and auction of psilocybin mushrooms and of psilocybin and psilocin varies from land to country.

Come across also [edit]

  • Magic truffle
  • List of psilocybin mushroom species
  • Listing of psychoactive plants, fungi, and animals
  • Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record
  • Psychedelic (disambiguation)
  • Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.s.a.
  • Psychonautics
  • Mystical psychosis
  • Ethnomycology
  • Medicinal fungi
  • Mushroom tea
  • Carlos Castaneda
  • Paul Stamets

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Bibliography [edit]

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom

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